Nomadism in Iran is a deeply rooted tradition that has been an integral part of the country’s cultural and social fabric for thousands of years. The practice dates back to ancient times, when various tribes roamed the expansive landscapes of Iran, moving seasonally with their herds to find pasture and water. These nomadic groups, including well-known tribes like the Bakhtiari, Qashqai, and Shahsevan, played a crucial role in the development of Iran’s history and culture. The origins of these nomadic tribes can be traced to the Aryan migrations around 1500 BCE, when Indo-Iranian peoples began settling in the region. Over centuries, these tribes developed distinct identities, with their own languages, iranian customs and etiquette, and social structures, while maintaining a semi-independent status under various Persian empires.
History of Iran’s Nomads
Throughout history, the nomads of Iran have maintained a lifestyle centered around pastoralism, with their movements dictated by the changing seasons. In the warmer months, they migrate to the cooler highlands, known as “yaylagh,” to graze their animals on the lush mountain pastures. As winter approaches, they descend to the lowlands, or “qeshlaq,” where the climate is milder and more suitable for survival. This cyclical migration, known as “Kooch,” is not only a means of subsistence but also a vital cultural practice that reinforces their connection to the land. The nomads’ lifestyle has always been marked by a strong sense of community, with extended families living together in large tents or “black tents,” made (by nomad women themselves) from goat hair. Their society is typically organised into tribes and clans, each led by a khan or chieftain, who oversees the group’s affairs and mediates conflicts.
Eco-Friendly Nomadic Tours in Iran
IRANomad Tours, an environmentally concerned social business aimed at operating nomadic tours, is an experienced agency specialised in taking travellers to the pristine spots of Zagros, letting them spend time with nomads and taste their unique lifestyle, holding Kooch tours (adventurous journeys of nomadic biannual transhumance) and empowering Iranian nomads in different ways such as facilitating the sale of their artistic handicrafts, with a focus on those who still Kooch over the highlands and lowlands of Zagros. Accompaniment in Kooch tours might take 5 to more days (up to one month at most), depending on the travellers’ preference, the migrating family, Kooch route, weather conditions, etc.
Nomadic Heritage Through Time
Culturally, the nomadic tribes of Iran have contributed significantly to the nation’s heritage. Their rich oral traditions, encompassing epic tales, poetry, music, and dance, have preserved the history and values of their people over generations. Traditional crafts, such as carpet weaving, embroidery, and metalwork, are also integral to their culture, with each tribe producing distinct and recognizable patterns and designs that reflect their unique identities. Despite the simplicity of their material possessions, nomads have a deep appreciation for beauty and art, which is evident in the vibrant colors and intricate motifs of their textiles and other handmade goods. These cultural practices have not only sustained the nomads economically but have also brought global recognition to Iranian craftsmanship.
Nonetheless, the future of nomadism in Iran remains uncertain. In modern times, the nomadic way of life in Iran has faced significant challenges. Rapid urbanization, government policies aimed at sedentarization, and changes in land use have all contributed to the decline in the nomadic population. Whereas there were millions of nomads in Iran in the early 20th century, today their numbers have dwindled to a few hundred thousand. Despite these pressures, many nomads continue to adhere to their traditional lifestyle, preserving their cultural heritage while adapting to contemporary realities. Some have incorporated modern technologies, such as solar panels es strive to maintain their identity in a rapidly changing world.
Kooch: A Cultural Odyssey in the Zagros Highlands
The Bakhtiari people are one of the most prominent nomadic communities in Iran that still practice “Kooch,” a traditional form of seasonal migration deeply embedded in their cultural heritage. The Bakhtiaris have inhabited the Zagros Mountains for centuries, where they have developed a lifestyle intricately connected to the natural rhythms of the region. Kooch involves the biannual movement of the tribe, where they migrate from lowland winter pastures (qeshlaq) to highland summer pastures (yaylaq) and back, following the changing seasons to ensure their livestock, primarily sheep and goats, have access to fresh grazing lands. This practice not only sustains their livelihood but also preserves their nomadic way of life, which has been passed down through generations. It is also an ideal trip for adventure seeking travellers who find different microcultures fascinating and would like to spend quality time with local communities.
During the Kooch, the Bakhtiari tribe undertakes a challenging journey through the rugged terrain of the Zagros Mountains, often covering distances of over 200 kilometers. The migration is a communal effort, with families, livestock, and belongings transported across mountain passes and valleys. The Bakhtiari are known for their endurance and deep knowledge of the land, which they rely on to navigate the difficult and often perilous routes. This seasonal migration is timed precisely, with the spring Kooch taking place as the highland pastures begin to bloom, and the autumn Kooch occurring before the harsh winter sets in. The Bakhtiari’s intimate understanding of the Zagros environment allows them to live in harmony with nature, ensuring the sustainability of their pastures and the well-being of their herds.
Can Americans Accompany Nomads in the Zagros Mountains ?
Can Americans visit Nomads of Iran? Of course! For those interested in an Iran tour for Americans, experiencing the warmth and hospitality of Iran’s nomads is a memorable highlight. Iranians’ kindness and hospitality have always impressed foreign travelers, especially American travelers who come to Iran prepared for the worst reception but receive the best. Nomads are even more hospitable!
All nations including adventurous travellers from all around the world & those who are interested to know more about marginalised ethnic groups have this chance to try a different life with nomads of Iran. Legally speaking, as far as the American travellers are accompanied by their tour guides they can travel wherever they like in Iran but it should be noted that in the early stages of applying for the visa, when you are asked for the exact itinerary, depending on the time of your trip, they should name which part of the Zagros they are going to trek in their experience of the nomadic heritage. IRANomad Tours has been honoured to host lots of travellers (including Americans) for about 7 years now.
Things to Consider Before Visiting Nomads in Iran
In remote areas which receive few visitors, one needs to take some points into consideration in visiting the local community, especially the Mountain People.
- Respecting their customs, culture, traditions, practices, and trying to conform to their local conditions are of great importance. So we live as they live.
- ‘Flexibility’ is key when we are living with Nomads.
- They need to know that we appreciate their lifestyle.
- It’s highly recommended to get involved in the nomads’ daily routines and help them collect wood, bring water, set up the tent, etc.
- We do our best to have the least effect on the nomads & their lifestyle.
- Wearing modest and simple clothing is recommended.
- It is highly recommended not to take pictures of the nomads, especially nomad women especially on the first days of the tour.
- Backpacks are carried by donkeys, so in order to protect them against natural damages, it’s good to cover one’s backpacks with Rain covers.
- No unnecessary stuff should be taken. We need to do Kooch as light as possible. No hefty backpack should slow us down because we have to follow the nomads and the herd.
- Two clothes are enough for a 5-day-migration. Take only the essentials.
- If you’re sensitive to goats’ noise during the night, bring your noise cancelling AirPods.
What Gear Do You Need to Experience Nomads’ Odyssey?
- As we have some rivers to pass on our way on Kooch, Good trekking shoes (well-fitting), River crossing sandals & socks are essential.
- Trekking Poles, Headlight, Sleeping bag & foam mat
- Extra Battery and power bank for your phone
- Waterproof medical bands/plasters & personal medicine
- Water bottles & water purifier pills (Spring water is not always at hand)
- Sun screen, a field hat, or a cap & wet wipes.
- Personal cup, spoon & plate
- Main backpack (50 liters -) & auxiliary (foldable) small backpack
- Healthy, energetic snacks that make you happy like Nuts, dried fruit, Peanuts, dates, etc.
Terms & Conditions before Joining
Migration days are subject to change due to the harsh weather conditions. That’s why flexibility is a key in nomadic adventures. Sometimes it happens that the nomads decide to change their migration plan without prior notifications because of the weather or a damaged bridge or sick goat & sheep. But all these unexpected changes in the migration plan makes it even more adventurous.
Nomadic Pathways of Bakhtiari People
Bakhtiari people are divided into two main sub-tribes: Haft-Lang and Chahar-Lang. Each sub-tribe has its own nomadic pathway that is specific to them and others normally don’t pass through. It’s interesting to know that these families each have their own assigned pastures too. If you think pastures in nature are free lands able to be utilized by all, well, you’re mainly mistaken. Nomads can’t just set up camp on a first-come, first-serve basis. The right to camp and graze on each pasture is almost “owned” by each family and gets passed on to the next generation of that family.
Discovering the Art of Nomadic Living
In their highland summer pastures, the Bakhtiari set up temporary camps, living in traditional black tents made from goat hair, which are well-suited to the mountainous climate. These camps are often located at altitudes of over 2,000 meters, where the cooler temperatures and abundant grass provide ideal conditions for grazing. During this period, the Bakhtiari engage in various traditional activities, such as herding, milking, and making dairy products like yogurt and cheese. The summer pastures also provide an opportunity for social gatherings, where members of the tribe come together to celebrate weddings, festivals, and other important events. The sense of community and shared responsibility is a cornerstone of Bakhtiari life, reinforcing their cultural values and identity.
Despite the challenges posed by modernization, the Bakhtiari continue to practice Kooch as a means of preserving their nomadic heritage. While many nomadic groups in Iran have settled permanently in villages or towns, the Bakhtiari’s commitment to Kooch allows them to maintain their traditional lifestyle and cultural practices. However, this way of life is increasingly under threat from factors such as land development, climate change, and government policies that encourage sedentarization. Yet, for the Bakhtiari, Kooch remains a vital link to their past and a symbol of their resilience, enabling them to preserve their unique culture and identity in the face of a rapidly changing world.
The Zagros Mountains; Home to the Indigenous Mountain People
The Zagros Mountains, home to the indigenous people of Iran, stretching over 1,500 kilometres across the country, are a significant natural and cultural landmark. They have played a crucial role in the country’s history, serving as natural barriers that protected early civilizations like the Elamites and later the Achaemenid Empire. The Zagros range is geologically part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, formed by the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian tectonic plates around 200 million years ago. The mountains are divided into two main sections: the Higher Zagros, known for its towering snow-capped peaks, and the broader Folded Zagros. The region’s complex geological activity has resulted in a rugged terrain with deep canyons, limestone peaks, and fertile valleys, contributing to its dramatic scenery.
The forests of the Zagros mountain range date back approximately 5500 years. The predominant tree species in these forests is the oak. These forests are generally divided into two sections: North Zagros and South Zagros.
The Zagros Mountains offer a wide range of outdoor activities for adventure enthusiasts. From hiking and trekking to wildlife watching and caving, the region provides ample opportunities to explore its natural beauty. Ecotourism initiatives are gaining momentum, promoting sustainable travel practices that benefit local communities and protect the environment. The pristine environment of the Zagros Mountains, with its clean air and natural springs, offers a perfect setting for relaxation and rejuvenation. The therapeutic properties of the mineral-rich waters and the tranquil atmosphere make it an ideal destination for health and wellness retreats.
